TrailBio A9 Dopaminergic Neurons TUBB3/DAPI
TrailBio A9 Dopaminergic Neurons TH/MAP2
TrailBio A9 Dopaminergic Neurons TH/DAPI

TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons

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TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons ​represent a highly specialized subtype of midbrain neurons, crucial for motor control. Implicated in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease, A9 dopaminergic neurons are critically important for understanding neurodegeneration. Developed using our proprietary HD-DoE® platform, TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons are differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and validated through key markers such as TH+, SOX6+, MAP2+ and CALB1-.  

In contrast to A10, A9 dopaminergic neurons are uniquely vulnerable in neurodegenerative disease, making them a critical target for preclinical research. Trailhead® has engineered these cells to model authentic A9 neuronal phenotypes, enabling scientists to study disease progression, screen therapeutic compounds and explore regenerative medicine approaches with precision and reproducibility.​ 

Trailhead Biosystems is advancing neurodegeneration research by delivering in vitro systems that closely recapitulate human biology, helping bridge the gap between discovery and clinical applications.​ 

Key Features:​

  • Authentic A9 Phenotype​ – These neurons express subtype-specific markers, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and SOX6, and lack CALB1, which are hallmarks of A9 dopaminergic neurons.​
  • Disease Relevance​ – Critical in the study of Parkinson’s disease, as the main subtype affected in neurodegeneration​.
  • Confirmed Functionality – ​These cells are capable of efficient dopamine synthesis and release, making them ideal for modeling Parkinson’s disease, drug screening and neurotoxicity studies​.
  • Complete, Optimized Kit – Cryopreserved cells supplied with media and supplements formulated to support post-thaw recovery and maturation.

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Description

Data and Figures

Technical Information and Resources

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Additional Information

Data and Figures

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Technical Info and Resources

Frequently Asked Questions

What are A9 dopaminergic neurons?

A9 dopaminergic neurons are a distinct subtype of midbrain neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), where they play a key role in motor control. They are characterized by expression of the transcription factor SOX6, which distinguishes them from other dopaminergic subtypes such as A10 neurons, which are primarily involved in reward and motivation pathways. A9 neurons are particularly vulnerable in Parkinson’s disease, making access to high-quality iPSC-derived A9 dopaminergic neurons valuable for disease modeling and evaluating cell-based therapeutic strategies both in vitro and in vivo.

What applications are TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons suitable for?

TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons can be used in a range of applications, including modeling neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, investigating dopamine dysregulation, conducting neurotoxicity assays, advancing organ-on-a-chip systems and supporting drug discovery efforts. Their selective vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease makes them especially valuable for disease modeling and therapeutic development.

What markers do these A9 cells express?

The TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons express Tyrosine Hydroxylase, SLC6A3 (DAT), KCNJ6, NR4A2 (NURR1) and transcription factor SOX6 along with pan neuronal mature markers such as MAP2 and SYN1. They do not express CALB1, a typical A10 marker.

What value do iPSC-derived A9 dopaminergic neurons offer?

A9 dopaminergic neurons play a critical role in movement regulation and are disproportionately affected in Parkinson’s disease. TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons enable scientists to have a human-specific platform to investigate disease mechanisms, develop therapies and accelerate drug discovery.

Related Media and Posts

A9 and Parkinson’s BLOG

Explore the genetic and physiological vulnerabilities of A9 dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Understand how these neurons face greater risks compared to A10 neurons, and delve into the latest research advancements shedding light on their distinct susceptibilities.

ADDITIONAL FAQS

Visit our FAQs page to learn about TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons generation, applications, unique markers, culture conditions, and more.

A9 WEBINAR

A9 dopaminergic neuron development and scalable production using hiPSCs. This webinar highlights how Trailhead’s HD-DoE® platform enables precise differentiation and manufacturing of A9 subtype neurons, which are critical for advancing Parkinson’s disease research and therapeutic development.

A9 POSTER PRESENTATION

Protocol Development for the Mass Production of hiPSC-Derived SOX6+ A9 Dopaminergic Neurons Using a High-Dimensional Design of Experiment Approach

PRESS RELEASE

Trailhead Biosystems introduces TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons, a powerful new tool for studying Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Read the full story in the press release.

Additional information

Kit Contents

TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Neurons – 1 Vial with 3 X 10^6 Viable Cells
TrailBio® Basal Medium D – 60 ml
TrailBio® Plating Supplement E – 300 µl
TrailBio® A9 Dopaminergic Medium Supplement – 4 X 200 µl
*Media kit and individual components are also available
Production

Donor Information: Human Male
Source Cell: iPSCs from CD34+ Cord Blood
Karyotype by G-Banding: Normal
Configuration: Cryopreserved Cells in Vials
Handling and Usage

Shipping: Liquid Nitrogren
Storage: Liquid Nitrogen
Usage: Research Use Only
Shelf Life: Use cells within 6 months of date of purchase. Use medium and supplements within 3 months of date of purchase.

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